10 Estudos Sobre A Maconha

[Pintolico]

Top 10 Pot Studies Government Wished it Had Never Funded........

10) MARIJUANA USE HAS NO EFFECT ON MORTALITY: A massive study of California HMO

members funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) found marijuana

use caused no significant increase in mortality. Tobacco use was associated

with increased risk of death. Sidney, S et al. Marijuana

Use and Mortality. American Journal of Public Health. Vol. 87 No. 4, April

1997. p. 585-590. Sept. 2002.

9) HEAVY MARIJUANA USE AS A YOUNG ADULT WON’T RUIN YOUR LIFE: Veterans

Affairs scientists looked at whether heavy marijuana use as a young adult

caused long-term problems later, studying identical twins in which one twin had

been a heavy marijuana user for a year or longer but had stopped at least one

month before the study, while the second twin had used marijuana no more than

five times ever. Marijuana use had no significant impact on physical or mental

health care utilization, health-related quality of life, or current

socio-demographic characteristics. Eisen SE et al. Does Marijuana Use Have

Residual Adverse Effects on Self-Reported Health Measures, Socio-Demographics

or Quality of Life? A Monozygotic Co-Twin Control Study in Men. Addiction. Vol.

97 No. 9. p.1083-1086. Sept. 1997

8) THE "GATEWAY EFFECT" MAY BE A MIRAGE: Marijuana is often called a

"gateway drug" by supporters of prohibition, who point to statistical

"associations" indicating that persons who use marijuana are more

likely to eventually try hard drugs than those who never use marijuana —

implying that marijuana use somehow causes hard drug use. But a model developed

by RAND Corp. researcher Andrew

Morral demonstrates that these

associations can be explained "without requiring a gateway effect."

More likely, this federally funded study suggests, some people simply have an

underlying propensity to try drugs, and start with what’s most readily

available. Morral AR, McCaffrey D

and Pa ddock S. Reassessing the Marijuana Gateway Effect. Addiction. December

2002. p. 1493-1504.

7) PROHIBITION DOESN’T WORK (PART I): The White House had the National

Research Council examine the data being gathered about drug use and the effects

of U.S.

drug policies. NRC concluded, "the nation possesses little information

about the effectiveness of current drug policy, especially of drug law

enforcement." And what data exist show "little apparent relationship

between severity of sanctions prescribed for drug use and prevalence or

frequency of use." In other words, there is no proof that prohibition

— the cornerstone of U.S.

drug policy for a century — reduces drug use. National Research Council.

Informing America’s

Policy on Illegal Drugs: What We Don’t Know Keeps Hurting Us. National Academy Press, 2001. p. 193.

6) PROHIBITION DOESN’T WORK (PART II: DOES PROHIBITION CAUSE THE

"GATEWAY EFFECT"?): U.S. and Dutch researchers, supported in part by

NIDA, compared marijuana u sers i n San Francisco, where non-medical use

remains illegal, to Amsterdam, where adults may possess and purchase small

amounts of marijuana from regulated businesses. Looking at such parameters as

frequency and quantity of use and age at onset of use, they found no

differences except one: Lifetime use of hard drugs was significantly lower in Amsterdam, with its

"tolerant" marijuana policies. For example, lifetime crack cocaine

use was 4.5 times higher in San Francisco than Amsterdam. Reinarman, C, Cohen, PDA, and Kaal, HL. The Limited Relevance of Drug

Policy: Cannabis in Amsterdam and San Francisco. American

Journal of Public Health. Vol. 94, No. 5. May 2004. p. 836-842.

5) OOPS, MARIJUANA MAY PREVENT CANCER (PART I): Federal researchers implanted

several types of cancer, including leukemia and lung cancers, in mice, then

treated them with cannabinoids (unique, active components found in marijuana).

THC and other cannabinoids shrank tumors and increased the mice’s

lifespan s. Munson, AE et al. Antineoplastic Activity of Cannabinoids. Journal

of the National Cancer Institute. Sept. 1975. p. 597-602.

4) OOPS, MARIJUANA MAY PREVENT CANCER, (PART II): In a 1994 study the

government tried to suppress, federal researchers gave mice and rats massive

doses of THC, looking for cancers or other signs of toxicity. The rodents given

THC lived longer and had fewer cancers, "in a dose-dependent manner"

(i.e. the more THC they got, the fewer tumors). NTP Technical Report On The Toxicology

And Carcinogenesis Studies Of 1-Trans- Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol, CAS No.

1972-08-3, In F344/N Rats And B6C3F(1) Mice, Gavage Studies. See also,

"Medical Marijuana: Unpublished Federal Study Found THC-Treated Rats Lived

Longer, Had Less Cancer," AIDS Treatment News no. 263, Jan. 17, 1997.

3) OOPS, MARIJUANA MAY PREVENT CANCER (PART III): Researchers at the

Kaiser-Permanente HMO, funded by NIDA, followed 65,000 patients for nearly a

decade, comparing cancer rates a mong n on-smokers, tobacco smokers, and

marijuana smokers. Tobacco smokers had massively higher rates of lung cancer

and other cancers. Marijuana smokers who didn’t also use tobacco had no

increase in risk of tobacco-related cancers or of cancer risk overall. In fact

their rates of lung and most other cancers were slightly lower than

non-smokers, though the difference did not reach statistical significance. Sidney, S. et al.

Marijuana Use and Cancer Incidence (California,

United States).

Cancer Causes and Control. Vol. 8. Sept. 1997, p. 722-728.

2) OOPS, MARIJUANA MAY PREVENT CANCER (PART IV): Donald Tashkin, a UCLA

researcher whose work is funded by NIDA, did a case-control study comparing

1,200 patients with lung, head and neck cancers to a matched group with no

cancer. Even the heaviest marijuana smokers had no increased risk of cancer,

and had somewhat lower cancer risk than non-smokers (tobacco smokers had a

20-fold increased lung cancer risk). Tashkin D. Marijuana Use and Lung Cancer:

Results of a Case-Control Study. American Thoracic Society International

Conference. May 23, 2006.

1) MARIJUANA DOES HAVE MEDICAL VALUE: In response to passage of California’s

medical marijuana law, the White House had the Institute of Medicine (IOM)

review the data on marijuana’s medical benefits and risks. The IOM

concluded, "Nausea, appetite loss, pain and anxiety are all afflictions of

wasting, and all can be mitigated by marijuana." While noting potential

risks of smoking, the report added, "we acknowledge that there is no clear

alternative for people suffering from chronic conditions that might be relieved

by smoking marijuana, such as pain or AIDS wasting." The

government’s refusal to acknowledge this finding caused co-author John A.

Benson to tell the New York Times that the

government "loves to ignore our report … they would rather it never

happened." Joy, JE, Watson, SJ, and Benson,

JA. Marijuana and Medicine: Assessing the Science Base. National Ac ademy

Press. 1999. p. 159. See also, Harris,

G. FDA Dismisses Medical Benefit from

Marijuana. New York Times. Apr. 21, 2006

AZ4NORML

[CanhamoMAN]

è o governo fecha os olhos para varias outras coisas sobre a cannabis, seja industrial ou medicinal ou recreativo