Canadense

ta tudo errado nesse thread

canabidiol é pra quen num tem mente pra aguentar thc... fracos de cerebro comos criancas, juizes e politicos

... corretor, mocinha= maconha e eu como gordura, e muita... ponho manteiga no bacon e o bacon na linguiça

Cara eu bato na tecla da apoptose a 3 anos. Mocinha + dieta sem açúcar é a solução

How cannabis was used to shrink one of the most aggressive brain cancers DISCLOSURE STATEMENT Wai Liu receives funding from GW Pharmaceuticals. The Conversation is funded by Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, Alfred P Sloan Foundation and William and Flora Hewlett Foundation. Our global publishing platform is funded by Commonwealth Bank of Australia. https://theconversation.com/how-cannabis-was-used-to-shrink-one-of-the-most-aggressive-brain-cancers-34038 Other uses. Jordan Greentree, CC BY-SA Widely proscribed around the world for its recreational uses, cannabis is being used in a number of different therapeutic ways to bring relief for severe medical conditions. Products using cannabinoids, the active components of the cannabis plant, have been licensed for medical use. Sativex, for example, which contains an equal mixture of the cannabinoids tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), is already licenced as a mouth spray for multiple sclerosis and in the US, dronabinol and nabilone are commercially available for treating cancer-related side effects. Now, in a study published in Molecular Cancer Therapeutics, we’ve also shown that cannabinoids could play a role in treating one of the most aggressive cancers in adults. There are more than 85 cannabinoids, which are known to bind to unique receptors in cells and which receive outside chemical signals. These receptors feed into signalling pathways, telling cells what to do. Recent studies have shown that some cannabinoids have potent anti-cancer action. For example, both THC and CBD have been shown in a number of laboratory studies to effectively induce cell death in tumour cells by modifying the faulty signalling pathways inside these cells. Depending on the cell type this can disrupt tumour growth or start to kill it. The psychoactivity associated with some cannabinoids, principally THC (which gives people a cannabis high), is also mediated via the same receptors. Because these receptors are found in the highest abundances in brain cells, it follows that brain tumours also rich in these receptors may respond best to cannabinoids. We wanted to investigate the anti-cancer effects of Sativex in glioma cells. High-grade glioma is an aggressive cancer, with very low long-term survival rates. Statistics show that just over a third (36%) of adult patients in the UK with glioma live for at least a year, while the five-year survival rate is 10%. Depending on the individual, treatment can consist of surgery, radiotherapy, and/or chemotherapy with the drug temozolomide. However, due primarily to the intricate localisation of the tumour in the brain and its invasive behaviour, these treatments remain largely unsuccessful. However, as our study showed, combining radiotherapy with cannabinoid treatment had a big effect. Finding the right dose We first had to perform lab tests on cells to optimise the doses of the cannabinoids, and showed that CBD and THC combined favourably. We found that to achieve a 50% kill rate of glioma cells, a dose of 14mM (millimolar – a measure of amount-of-substance concentration) of CBD or 19mM of THC would be needed if each was used singularly. However, when used in combination, the concentrations required to achieve the same magnitude of cell kill is significantly reduced to just 7mM for each. This apparent reduction in the doses of the cannabinoids, in particular THC, without a loss of overall anti-cancer action is particularly attractive as unwanted side effects are also reduced. Once we had these results, we then tested the impact of combining the cannabinoids with irradiation in mice with glioma. The efficacy of this treatment was tracked using sophisticated MRI technology – and we determined the effects on tumour growth of either CBD and THC together, irradiation, or the combination of both. The drugs were used at suboptimal doses to allow us to see if there was any improvement in the therapy from combining them. Balancing anti-cancer with psychoactive In principle, patients treated with THC could experience some psychoactive activity. But the secret to successfully exploiting cannabinoids as a treatment for cancer is to balance the desired anti-cancer effects with the less desirable psychoactive effects. This is possible, as some cannabinoids seem to function independently of the receptors and so do not engage the adverse effects. CBD is one such cannabinoid. The doses of THC we selected were below the psychoactive level, but together with CBD it partnered well to give the best overall anti-cancer effect. Our results showed that the dose of irradiation we used had no dramatic effect on tumour growth, whereas CBD and THC administered together marginally reduced tumour progression. However, combining the cannabinoids with irradiation further impeded the rate at which tumour growth progressed and was virtually stagnant throughout the course of the treatment. Correspondingly, tumour sizes on the final day of the study were significantly smaller in these subjects compared with any of the others. The results are promising. There may be other applications but for now it could provide a way of breaking through glioma and saving more lives.

Maconha é o DeFrag....

Heavy marijuana use shrinks your brain but compensates by making more connections The first comprehensive investigation into the effects of long-term marijuana use has revealed that while the drug appears to shrink a certain part of the brain in heavy users, their brains will actively compensate for it by increasing connectivity - especially if they started using it young. BEC CREW 11 NOV 2014 7.2k38 There’s a reason why every time new research is published about marijuana it’s met with furious debate - even the scientists who specifically research its effects can’t definitively say what they are. Just this year, new research has suggested that it can cause a decrease in the quality of your sperm, while another study identified it as apossible treatment for autoimmune disease. One study said it doesn’t have any effect on your IQ, but and another said that if you’re a teenage user, it can cause cognitive decline, and yep, a decreased IQ. But now, neuroscientists in the US have completed the first comprehensive investigation into the effects of long-term marijuana use, and what they found could go a long way in explaining the confusion around it. One thing was clear - the brains of people who heavily use marijuana are different to those of their peers. But not only do the effects of the drug appear to change over the course of extended use, they also appear to differ depending on what age you start using. The team, from the Centre for Brain Health at the University of Texas, recruited a relatively large group of participants, including 48 adult marijuana users and 62 gender- and age-matched non-users. They accounted for any biases that might skew their results such as gender, age, ethnicity, and tobacco and alcohol use. The marijuana uses were all classified as ‘chronic users’ who had been consuming the drug three times a day, on average, for the past 10 years, and showed no signs of psychosis or neurological disorders. The participants were put through a number of cognitive tests while their brain activity was being scanned and imaged by an MRI machine. According to Abby Phillip at The Washington Post, three characteristics of the brain were analysed, including the volume of a region called the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC); how connected the OFC was to other areas in the brain; and the structural integrity of the brain tissue. The OFC region of the brain is associated with feelings of addiction, the ability to make decisions, and increased brain connectivity. The cognitive tests resulted in lower IQ scores for the chronic marijuana users, and the brain scans revealed that they had smaller brain volume in the OFC region - but the team was careful to point out that there appears to be no correlation between the two results. "The orbitofrontal cortex is one of the primary regions in a network of brain areas called the reward system,” said lead author and neuroscientist, Francesca Filbey, in a press release. "It helps us determine what is good for us and what keeps us sustained. In this case, the orbitofrontal cortex plays a role in drug use because drug use and things associated with it - paraphernalia for example - are associated with the rewarding effects of drugs.” So the area in our brains that evolved to help us stay motivated based on a reward system appears to shrink over the course of long-term marijuana use, and the younger a user starts, the more significant the shrinkage. But, strangely enough, the team also found evidence that the brains of chronic marijuana users had been compensating for OFC shrinkage by actively increasing connectivity between different areas to the brain, and increasing the structural integrity of the brain tissue. These increases appear as soon as a person begins using marijuana, and they become more significant the heavier the use. Until a point. After about six or eight years of chronic marijuana use, this increased connectivity starts to decline, leaving long-term users with a shrunken OFC and only slightly above average connectively. The results have been published in the journalProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. "To date, existing studies on the long-term effects of marijuana on brain structures have been largely inconclusive due to limitations in methodologies,” said Filbey. "While our study does not conclusively address whether any or all of the brain changes are a direct consequence of marijuana use, these effects do suggest that these changes are related to age of onset and duration of use.” Importantly, as Phillip explains at The Washington Post, there’s so far no evidence to suggest a connection between the structural integrity of the OFC and certain human behaviours. "And it is possible that the small orbitofrontal cortex observed in marijuana users predated their marijuana use," says Phillip. "A 2012 study found that smaller orbital frontal cortex volume at 12 years of age appeared to predict the initiation of marijuana use later in life.” So once again, we’re left with an inclusive study, but what we can say is that, at least in the early days of use, any damage that’s being done appears to be compensated for by the incredibly adaptable human brain - particularly if you start young.

esses pesquisadores precisam parar de fazer pesquisas em jovens... PQP... mas serio... foda-se, jovens vao fumar maconha e acabou. jovens tb vao trepar e vao beber... resta aos pais praticarem redução de danos.