Canadense

outro dia comi tar tar de cavalo.. gostoso

PQP ga;era num sabe ler ESSE TOPICO E DE RAPS

vc ta ligado q nois é oldschool

http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301612 D. Mark Anderson, Daniel I. Rees, and Joseph J. Sabia. (2014). Medical Marijuana Laws and Suicides by Gender and Age. American Journal of Public Health. e-View Ahead of Print. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301612 Accepted on: Aug 5, 2013 Medical Marijuana Laws and Suicides by Gender and Age D. Mark Anderson, PhD, Daniel I. Rees, PhD, and Joseph J. Sabia, PhD D. Mark Anderson is with the Department of Agricultural Economics and Department of Economics, Montana State University, Bozeman. Daniel I. Rees is with the Department of Economics, University of Colorado Denver. Joseph J. Sabia is with the Department of Economics, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA. Correspondence should be sent to Daniel I. Rees, Department of Economics, University of Colorado Denver, Campus Box 181, PO Box 173364, Denver, CO 80217-3364 (e-mail: daniel.rees@ucdenver.edu). Reprints can be ordered at http://www.ajph.org by clicking the “Reprints” link. Contributors All authors contributed equally to the data collection effort, the analysis of the data, the interpretation of the results, and the writing of the article. ABSTRACT Objectives. We estimated the association between legalizing medical marijuana and suicides. Methods. We obtained state-level suicide data from the National Vital Statistics System’s Mortality Detail Files for 1990–2007. We used regression analysis to examine the association between medical marijuana legalization and suicides per 100 000 population. Results. After adjustment for economic conditions, state policies, and state-specific linear time trends, the association between legalizing medical marijuana and suicides was not statistically significant at the .05 level. However, legalization was associated with a 10.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] = −17.1%, −3.7%) and 9.4% (95% CI = −16.1%, −2.4%) reduction in the suicide rate of men aged 20 through 29 years and 30 through 39 years, respectively. Estimates for females were less precise and sensitive to model specification. Conclusions. Suicides among men aged 20 through 39 years fell after medical marijuana legalization compared with those in states that did not legalize. The negative relationship between legalization and suicides among young men is consistent with the hypothesis that marijuana can be used to cope with stressful life events. However, this relationship may be explained by alcohol consumption. The mechanism through which legalizing medical marijuana reduces suicides among young men remains a topic for future study. (Am J Public Health. Published online ahead of print January 16, 2014: e1–e8. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301612)

mermão... se eu morasse no brasil, taria me mudando pr Santana do Livramento ontem...

engole o sapo, arrume um trabalho, sai de casa. simples

.. isso msm, + mac - alcool.... o contrario é fatal...

espanhol de cuba é incompreendivel

mermão, tiazinha tm nada haver com idade....

tiazinha dava pro gasto.... mano maconha com aditivos???? TO fora mermão.... é isso que dar ser pão duro... PAGUE POR QUALIDADE ou plante o seu...

Acho que vc num me entendiu... TOP é quem enfia, bottom é quem leva....

Ta me pedindo em casamento??? sempre desconfiava... Mas eu sou TOP hein...

http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/01/30/us-usa-courts-idUSBREA0T18D20140130 U.S. to launch clemency effort for low-level drug offenders 11:10am EST By David Ingram WASHINGTON (Reuters) - The U.S. Justice Department plans to launch an effort on Thursday to identify non-violent prison inmates convicted of low-level drug charges who would be good candidates for clemency from President Barack Obama. The department's No. 2 official, Deputy Attorney General James Cole, plans to lay out details at a legal conference in New York, according to excerpts of his speech released prior to delivery. In a sign of changing U.S. views about long prison sentences, Obama in December commuted the sentences of eight people after deciding their crack cocaine offenses did not justify their long prison terms. Each had served more than 15 years in prison. "It is the department's goal to find additional candidates, who are similarly situated to the eight granted clemency last year, and recommend them to the president for clemency consideration," Cole's prepared remarks said. He is scheduled to deliver the speech at 12:40 p.m. ET (1740 GMT). Candidates for clemency would include inmates who have had clean records in prison, do not present a threat to public safety and are facing excessive sentences, according to the speech. The U.S. Constitution gives the president power to grant "reprieves and pardons for offences against the United States, except in cases of impeachment." The Justice Department's Office of the Pardon Attorney advises the president on the merits of specific cases.

caros amigos, agora, num tem desculpa.. aguentar o barzyl pra que???????? Maconha, aborto, casamento gay.... direitos individuais impéra!

votado

#somostodostraficantes e olha que eu tou batendo nessa tecla faz anos...

ele é o martelador de N00Bz

mermão, superlotação de cadeia é o que querem... la prisoes privadas é um negocio bilhonario.... alem de subsidio do governo, ele contam com trabalho escravo

http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/opiates/opiates_info2.shtml Newsgroups: alt.drugs From: grigsby@rintintin.Colorado.EDU (Scott Grigsby) Subject: Why opium causes constipation Message-ID: Date: Fri, 11 Feb 1994 02:23:24 GMT Well, I bugged all of you to tell me why opium causes constipation. I hadn't received a reply, so while on my way to class today I stopped at the library (and never quite made it to class. The library has that effect...). When I got home, I found that someone had sent me a reply, confirming what the library told me. So here's what I found out (you're dying to know, aren't you?): The gastrointestinal tract contains many opioid receptors (gamma, kappa, and sigma, I think), to which the opiods bond (duh). The rest I'll copy from this book (I forgot the title, but the authors (of this chapter) are T.H. Bewley and A.H. Ghodse): "There is a decrease of motility with increase in tone of the central part of the stomach. There is an increase tone in the first part of the duodenum... Digestion of food in the small intestine is delayed where propulsive contractions are markedly decreased. The action on the small intestine is thought to cause about a quarter of the total constipating effect. In the large intestine, propulsive peristaltic waves in the colon are diminished or abolished after morphine. Delay in passage of contents causes dessication of feces. Anal sphincter tone is augmented." So that's it. Scott -- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\__________/~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Scott Grigsby ///-///-/// The cut worm forgives the plow. \\\-\\\-\\\ -Blake grigsby@rtt.colorado.edu ///-///-/// ============================================================================= Date: Thu, 17 Mar 1994 11:56:17 +1300 From: Brandon Hutchison Subject: Re: natural history of opiate addiction Sender: "Academic & Scholarly discussion of addiction related topics." Message-id: <01HA1QDIZ2W68WYYFD@ymir.claremont.edu> On Tue, 15 Mar 1994, ROB ANDERSON wrote: > > If those causes consisted of gunshot or stab wounds,accidental > > overdose,hepatitis,HIV, etc then I would suggest you are > > looking at the "unnatural" history of opiate addiction as these deaths are > > generally a consequence of prohibition > > > > I think that this is an oversimplification. BTW, could you please > explain to me why you think that "accidental overdose" is generally a > consequence of prohibition? I don't think this is oversimple. Was it the CATO institute that estimated that 80% of the deaths associated with opiates would not have occurred under a legal regime? Accidental overdoses can occur when the dose taken is greater than what one is used to. (excuse me for stating the obvious) How much heroin is in a given illicit sample is usually quite variable. Depends on how often its been cut, where it came from etc. (excuse me again for stating the obvious) If a batch of stronger stuff gets out onto the street then there is likely to be an increase of ODs. This happened last year in the New York area and eastern Canada, so I read in our papers. It seems paradoxic to some people, but the greater the purity the safer the stuff is, though consistency is obviously the critical factor. Under a legal regime, such problems would be solved. Overdoses, while not eliminated would be substantially reduced. Here 's a little article I picked up which discusses these issues... Copied from p.56 (Box 5-1) of 'Drugs and Behavior' by William A. McKim. One of the greatest risks of being a heroin addict is death from heroin overdose. Each year about one percent of all heroin addicts in the United States die from an overdose of heroin despite having developed a fantastic tolerance to the effects of the dr ug. In a nontolerant person the estimated lethal dose of heroin may range from 200 to 500 mg, but addicts have tolerated doses as high as 1800 mg without even being sick[1]. No doubt, some overdoses are a result of mixing heroin with other drugs, but appear to result from a sudden loss of tolerance. Addicts have been killed one day by a dose that was readily tolerated the day before. An explanation for this sudden loss of tolerance has been suggested by Shepard Siegel of McMaster University, and his a ssociated, Riley Hinson, Marvin Krank, and Jane McCully. Siegel reasoned that the tolerance to heroin was partially conditioned to the environment where the drug was normally administered. If the drug is consumed in a new setting, much of the conditioned tolerance will disappear and the addict will be more like ly to overdose. To test this theory Siegel and associates ran the following experiment[2]. Rats were given daily intravenous injections for 30 days. The injections were either a dextrose placebo or heroin and they were given in either the animal colony or a different room where there was a constant white noise. The drug and the placebo were giv en on alternate days and the drug condition always corresponded with a particular environment so that for some rats, the heroin was always administered in the white noise room and the placebo was always given in the colony. For other rats the heroin ways given in the colony and the placebo was always given in the white noise room. Another group of rats served as a control: these were injected in different rooms on alternate dates, but were only injected with the dextrose and had no experience with th e heroin at all. All rats were then injected with a large dose of heroin: 15.0 mg/kg. The rats in one group were given the heroin in the same room where they had previously been given heroin. (This was labeled the ST group.) The other rats, the DT group, were given the he roin in the room where they had previously been given the placebo. Siegel found that 96 percent of the control group died, showing the lethal effect of the heroin in nontolerant animals. Rats in the DT group who receieved heroin were partially tolerant, and only 64 percent died. Only 32 percent of ST rats died, showing t hat the tolerance was even greter when the overdose test was done in the same environment where the drug previously had been administered. Siegel suggested that one reason addicts suddenly lose their tolerance could be because they take the drug in a different or unusual environment like the rats in the DT group. Surveys of heroin addicts admitted to hospitals suffering from heroin overdose tend to support this conclusion. Many addicts report that they had taken the near-fatal dose in an unusual circumstance or that their normal pattern was different on that day[2]. [1] Brecher, E. M., & the editors of Consumer Reports (1972). _Licit and illicit drugs_ Mount Vernon, New York: Consumers Union. [2] Siegel, S. (1982). Drug dissociation in the nineteenth century. In F. C. Colpart & J. L. Slangen (Eds.), _Drug discrimination: Applications in CNS pharmacology (pp. 257-262). Amsterdam: Elsevier Biomedical Press. Brandon Hutchison,University of Canterbury, Christchurch New Zealand (Long 172deg35min00sec,Lat43deg31min13sec south) ============================================================================= Subject: Re: death sentence for drug users From: den0@quads.uchicago.edu (funky chicken) Date: 13 May 91 02:50:05 GMT In article <1991May12.131321.4087@elevia.UUCP> alain@elevia.UUCP responds to my claim that heroin "IS reasonably safe and a lot of fun" by writing: > Considering that my only source of information on heroin > is the Voice of Daddy Knows Best, and his little brothers > in propaganda, I can safely say I know fuck all about it. > I will not necessarily assume that their lie means heroin > is safe and fun. Since you said this, can you please tell > us more, and document it please? Sure, Old Man. I assume that the provocative part of my statement concerns its safety and I will therefore not discuss the issue of whether heroin is fun. Let me first qualify my provocative statement by saying that heroin use CAN BE reasonably safe, if used in a smart manner. Heroin in itself seems to pose no real health problems, even when it is used for long periods of time. G. Dimijian in "Contemporary Drug Abuse" (in _Medical Pharmacology: Principles and Concepts_ ed A. Goth, p. 299) describes an 84-yr old physician who had been a morphine addict for 60 years and seemed to have no mental or physical problems from the addiction. In general, it seems that middle-class heroin/morphine addicts are no less healthy than the general population (see D. Musto and M. Ramos (1981) "Follow-up Study of the New England Morphine Maintenance CLinic of 1920," _New Eng J Med_ 308(30): p. 1075-76; J. Ball and J. Urbaitis (1970) "Absence of Major Medical Complications among Chronic Opiate Addicts" in _The Epidemiology of Opiate Addiction in the United States (eds J. Ball and C. Chambers), p. 301-6.) There may be some problems associated with long-term controlled use of H, but they aren't well documented and they are certainly not comparable to those associated with either tobacco or alcohol. So where do the health problems of heroin come from? Primarily from the use of needles, the presence of adulterants in the drug, the poor nutrition and health care associated with the hard core addict liife-style; and the violence associated with said life-style. Before I discuss these, we should note that all of these factors except adulterants are controllable by the user. The many "chippers" (that being the term for non-addicts who use addictive drugs in a controlled fashion; see, for example N. Zinberg and R. Jacobson's (1976) "The Natural History of 'Chipping,'" _Amer J Psych_ 133(1): p. 37-40.) who avoid injections (usually by "chasing the dragon" ie smoking it) have few problems. Let's start with needles. There are two reasons to use needles: it gives a bigger rush, and it makes more effective use of the drug. This second reason is, of course, only a consideration because the drug is expensive and difficult to get. The problems with needles are that you inject a lot of crap into your body (adulterants and dilutants), you run the risk of infecting yourself with something (HIV or a Hepatitis virus), and you wreck your veins and skin. Most IV Heroin users are constantly plagued by irritated, infected skin. Hey, you inject talc into your skin, that's what you get. Even the quinine (which is believed to have originated in heroin during an outbreak of malaria among addicts) can cause numerous health problems (there's a large literature on the problems of adulterants and dilutants in heroin and cocaine). The life-style that an addict leads is generally pretty unhealthy as well. Often, addicts don't get an adequate diet. Vitamin deficiencies are not uncommon. Constipation caused by a combination of poor eating that the effects of the drug on the bowels can lead to haemorrhoids. Chest infections seem pretty common too, especially among cigarette smokers. Then you've got the problems of trafficking in the (potentially) violent underworld. Joe and Leishman (et al (1982), "Addict Death Rates During a Four-Year Post-Treatment Follow-up," _Amer J of Public Health_ 72: p. 703-9.) found that 28% of deaths among addicts were from violence (17% were from natural causes, and 44% were drug related). So, it would seem that if one had clean heroin from a reliable source and avoided the IV route, there'd be few health problems. Potential problems would arise from becoming addicted and becoming unproductive or from accidentally ODing. It seems that "Chippers" avoid addiction by setting strict limits on their use ("I'll only do it on weekends" being a common limit). In the lab, it takes a couple weeks of 3 shots a day before one gets withdrawl symptoms. So, if you avoid hanging around hardcore addicts, it is not that hard to avoid an addiction. The existence of non-addict users shouldn't be surprising. It is only because of silly people like Anslinger and Henry Giordano (head of the FB of Narc, who testified that anyone who used H more than six times would become an addict). Admittedly, controlled heroin use is difficult to locate, since the users stay out of trouble to the best of their abilities. However, if we look at who has used heroin daily (a nice substitute for the vague notion of 'addict'), we find substantial numbers of regular users who have never taken H on a daily basis (see, for example, J. O'Donnell's (1976) "Young Men and Drugs," _NIDA Res Mon_ 5, p. 13, where only a third of the users taken from a cross-section of American males had ever used H daily). In fact, considering the small amount of H in street samples, it is a wonder that users can even become true addicts. (As a side note, many of the people who present themselves or are presented by the Feds to clinics are not physicially dependent on cocaine, heroin, etc.) D. Waldorf's _Careers in Dope_ provides examples of H addicts who have held employment for long periods of time. So, even addicts can hold down jobs. Dr. William Halsted, a great surgeon and one of the founders of Johns Hopkins was a morphine addict. Surprise surprise, they aren't all the domestic version of Viet Cong, despite what the Man tells us. Overdose is a probably largely due to people not knowing the purity of their H, the presence of adulterants which act in conjunction with the H, and addicts misjudging their tolerance. Using non-IV routes probably reduces the chances of ODing. R. Gardner (1970) in "Deaths in UK Opioid Users 1965-69" _Lancet_ 2: p. 650-3 found that 26 of the 42 accidental ODs recorded happened after a period of abstinence, so maybe 60% of ODs are from misjudging tolerance. Since abstinence is often forced, I can only imagine that most ODs could be avoided entirely by proper measures. Oddly enough, British addicts, who get clean heroin, have about as high a mortality rate as Americans who shoot street shit (see T. Bewley et al (1968) "Morbidity and Mortality from Heroin Dependence, 1: Survey of Heroin Addicts Known to the Home Office," _Brit Med J_ 23 March: p 725-26). Tolerance is a funny thing. Addicts have been known to die from their second shot of the day after dividing their daily amount into three piles. It would therefore seem that their tolerance had been reduced since the first shot. Someone conjectured that tolerance was partially a matter of place-conditioning and that addicts who shoot in a particular gallery get conditioned so that their body begins to gear up for a shot when they go their and that therefore they have higher tolerance there. When they shoot up someplace else, their body isn't ready and they OD. Before I quit typing, I'll say something about the myth of "pushers." John Kaplan (1983), in his excellent book _The Hardest Drug_, points out the numerous holes in this myth. The idea of the "pusher" is that a dealer tries to get people hooked through free samples so that he can have a helpless and reliable market for high-priced drugs. This model works pretty well for cigarette companies. However, it is totally off the mark with respect to H sellers. To begin with, as Big Bill Burroughs has documented, the model is empirically wrong since there is no clear distinction between users and sellers. Most users sell to their friends, making a little profit. In the social network of users, some will sell on a large scale, but typically not for a long period of time, as it is a hassle. The only real organization in drug dealing is at the higher levels where the drugs are purified, smuggled, and cut. Furthermore, ignoring empirical facts, the image of the pusher is pretty unsound. It only makes sense to spend time hooking people if you plan on selling to them for a long time and they will not be able to go elsewhere. Neither condition tends to be true. Addicts are notoriously unreliable customers. Furthermore, as I have already mentioned, it is difficult to get hooked on H. Addiction is rare within the first 6 months of H use. (See Kaplan, p. 27). So, you'd have to be giving out samples for a while before you had an addict customer. Finally, associating with non-addicts is the surest way to get busted. Dealers stick to themselves; they don't hang out on play grounds. Anything I left out that should be discussed? >William "Alain" Simon > UUCP: alain@elevia.UUCP --Matt Funkchick ============================================================================= According to a Cato Institute Policy Analysis (May 25, 1989, no. 121), 80 percent of the deaths attributed to cocaine and heroin are actually caused by black market factors. For example, many heroin deaths are caused by an allergic reaction to the street mixture of the drug, while 30 percent are caused by infections. Decriminalization and proper regulation would lower these deaths markedly. Of course, LAPD Chief Darryl Gates has said that casual drug users should be executed for "aiding the enemy in time of war." ============================================================================= Newsgroups: alt.drugs From: jerry@teetot.acusd.edu (Jerry Stratton) Subject: Heroin and Alcohol Message-ID: <1993Nov12.233608.15609@teetot.acusd.edu> Date: Fri, 12 Nov 93 23:36:08 GMT Thanks to Lamont for providing the pointer to this study. Here are some highlights from it: THE ROLE OF ETHANOL ABUSE IN THE ETIOLOGY OF HEROIN-RELATED DEATHS Ruttenber, A. J., Kalter, H. D., and Santinga, P. Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 35, No. 4, July 1990, pp 891-900 p. 891 "Our data suggest that ethanol enhances the acute toxicity of heroin, and that ethanol use indirectly influences fatal overdose through its association with infrequent (nonaddictive) heroin use and thus with reduced tolerance to the acute toxic effects of heroin." [Ruttenber, A. J. and Luke, J. L., "Heroin-Related Deaths: New Epidemiologic Insights," Science, Vol 226, Oct 5, 1984, pp 14-20] "found that blood ethanol concentrations in excess of 1000 mg/L raised by a factor of 22 the odds of a heroin user experiencing a fatal overdose." "The concomitant use of heroin and ethanol is well recognized and considered dangerous..." "The phenomenon of combining ethanol and opiate use and the resultant toxic effects were noted as early as 1881 [Hubbard, F. H., The Opium Habit and Alcoholism, Barnes, New York, 1881, pp 3-14]." Possibilities examined: 1. Ethanol and heroin act additively or synergistically on the central nervous and respiratory systems, producing cardiopulmonary arrest that is more often fatal than that produced by heroin alone. 2. Ethanol interferes with the metabolism of heroin, prolonging toxic effects. 3. Ethanol consumption is commonly associated with infrequent (nonaddictive) use of heroin, [Greene, M. H., Luke, J. L., and Dupont, R. L., "Opiate 'Overdose' Deaths in the District of Columbia," Medical Annals of the District of Columbia, Vol 43, #4, April 1974, pp 175- 181] which results in reduced tolerance to acute toxicity of heroin. Decedents with toxicological evidence of drugs other than heroin/ethanol were excluded from the study. p. 895 "We determined that HE [High Ethanol] decedents had significantly lower blood morphine concentrations than LE [Low Ethanol] decedents and identified a significant inverse correlation between concentrations of ethanol and morphine in the blood. These findings suggest that there is a dose- response relationship between consumption of ethanol and the acute toxicity of heroin. However, blood ethanol concentrations explained only 11% of the variation in blood morphine concentrations, indicating that additional factors are probably involved in the etiology of fatal overdose by users of heroin and ethanol." "There is no evidence from our study that ethanol interferes with the metabolism of heroin." (This is in response to possibility 3.) p. 897 "Our data suggest that decedents who consumed large quantities of ethanol before death also had used heroin infrequently in the days before death." "Data presented here and in other studies [Ruttenber, A. J. and Luke, J. L., "Heroin-Related Deaths: New Epidemiologic Insights," Science, Vol 226, Oct 5, 1984, pp 14-20; and Kalter, H. D., Ruttenber, A. J., and Zack, M. M., "Temporal clustering of Heroin Overdoses in Washington, DC," Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 34, No. 1, Jan. 1989, pp. 156- 163.] indicate that fatal heroin overdose can be influenced by the toxic effects of other drugs and by other risk factors and is not merely the consequence of injecting unusually high doses of heroin. Our results suggest that simply discouraging the practice of drinking and injecting heroin may not be effective in preventing fatal overdose. Combining chronic ethanol abuse with infrequent (nonaddictive) heroin use should also be discouraged. Since fatal overdoses are commonly associated with ethanol use, public health measures directed towards those who use both drugs may help reduce the incidence of these deaths." "Address requests for reprints or additional information to A. James Ruttenber, Ph.D., M.D. Center for Environmental Health and Injury Control Centers for Disease Control Mail Stop F-28 Atlanta, GA 30333" Jerry Stratton jerry@teetot.acusd.edu (Finger/Reply for PGP Public Key) ------ "You need only reflect that one of the best ways to get yourself a reputation as a dangerous citizen these days is to go about repeating the very phrases which our founding fathers used in their struggle for independence." -- C. A. Beard ============================================================================= From: Lamont Granquist Newsgroups: alt.drugs Subject: chemistry: levorphanol Date: 30 May 1994 06:41:38 GMT Message-ID: <2sc1r2$7te@news.u.washington.edu> More copyright violations of Loompanics Books. I'll be getting that catalog of theirs up on my WWW site shortly to assuade my guilty conscience... I have *zero* comments on the process involved, indeed i've yet to read through it all... A small section out of _Recreational Drugs_ by Professor Buzz: Dromoran (Sometimes called Methorphinan or 3-Hydroxy-N-Methyl-Morphinan) This drug is quite easily synthesized, yet it contains the same numbering system as morphine, which is considerably harder to synthesize. Although Dromoran lacks the oxygen bridge, the Alicyclic double bond, and the alcoholic hydroxyl of morphine it is still 4-5 times more powerful, as well as longer acting. The average dose is 1-3 mg intramuscularly injected. Dromoran has less than one half the addiction liability of morphine and is, therefore, used almost exclusively for severe injuries, amputations , etc. The incredible feeling of well-being it produces is accompanied by addiction, so it cannot be used regularly. It also has no marked hypnotic effect, so it may be taken and enjoyed without drowsiness or reduced clarity of thought. The drug is wel l tolerated and does not depress blood pressure or cause other circulatory disturbances. The effects begin after ten minutes and continue for nine to thirteen hours with a minimal dose. This first formula is a street method, but I am sure it was taken from the Swiss patents 252,755 and/or 254,106. You should always look up all references, even though I know that this method does work and I have double checked all the figures. Prepare a Grignard reagent from 325 parts (as usual all parts refer to parts by weight) of p-methoxy-benzyl bromide in 800 parts of absolute ether with 40 parts thin clean magnesium (unlike THCs, different Grignard reagents cannot be substituted here) an d cool to 0-3 C. 275 parts of (5,6,7,8) tetrahydroisoquinoline methiodide are added in small portions. This mixture is allowed to stand for one hour at 0 C and saturate with ammonium chloride after pouring onto cracked ice, then basify with ammonia by a dding in small portions and checking pH often. Separate the ether solution and extract the base with hydrochloric acid. The acid solution is basified with ammonia and extracted with ether, the ethereal solution is dried in the usual manner. Remove the ether by evaporation in vacuo with gentle heating, or distill it out at a low temperature in the next step. Distill with 0.2 mmHg of vacuo, collecting the fraction at 149 to 154 C to get the desired base. The above base is catalytically hydrogenated (platinum oxide seems to work the best) to 1-(p-methoxybenzyl)-2-methyl-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8- octahydro-isoquinoline. This is separated from the catalyst and purified by distilling under 0.2 mmHg of vacuum, collect ing the fraction at 138-142 C. Heat at 150 C for three days with ten times its weight of phosphoric acid (specific gravity 1.75). The resulting brown solution is cooled with ice (in water and externally) and made alkaline to the indicator phenolphthalei n, by carefully adding ammonia. The free base is then shaken out with ether (this is an extraction) and the ether is removed by evaporation in vacuo. Purify the Dromoran by sublimation on an oil bath, at 180-199 C with 0.3 mmHg of vacuo and recrystalliz e once with anisole, or recrystallize twice with anisole after evaporating the ether. Yield: about 30-35%. To get the hydrochloride form, or the sulphate, etc., use any of the above methods for isomethorphinan, amidone, etc. Dromoran JOC, 24, 2043 (1950) This method is more modern than the last and it gives details for making a lower starting material, eliminating the need for purchasing (5,6,7,8) tetrahydroisoquinoline methiodide. 6.2 g of 2-(1,4-cyclohexadienyl)ethylamine in 80 ml of benzene is treated with p-methoxyphenylacetyl chloride (9.4 g in benzene) in the presence of sodium bicarbonate (200 ml of a 5% solution) with stirring and external cooling. An oily amide results, w hich solidifies (crystallizes) upon scratching the flask with a glass rod (see crystallization in the equipment chapter). Recrystallize from a mixture of n-hexane and benzene to get colorless scales that melt at 86-86.5 C. Yield of this N-2(1,4-cyclohex adienyl)ethyl-p-methoxyphenylacetamide is 12.5 grams or 92%. A mixture of the above amide (3 g), phosphoryl chloride (3 g) and 50 ml of benzene is refluxed for 30 minutes creating a reddish-yellow solution and evolution of hydrogen chloride. Cool, add enough petroleum ether to give a reddish precipitate, which is separated by filtration, after allowing to stand long enough to make sure no more precipitation will occur. Dissolve the precipitate in dilute hydrochloric acid, then shake with benzene and filter through a benzene wetted filter paper. Make the filtrat e alkaline by carefully adding a strong caustic soda solution with external cooling and stirring. Separate the benzene layer and dry, evaporate the solvent (benzene) under vacuo in a hydrogen atmosphere. Dissolve the red residue in 50 ml of methanol and reduce over 1.5 g of Raney nickel (see reductions chapter for complete information, then work in 1.5 g of catalyst). The catalyst is removed by filtration and the solvent by evaporation in vacuo. The residue is dissolved in benzene and purified by runn ing through an alumina filled chromatography column. Evaporate the benzene in vacuo and dissolve the resulting yellow, oily base in methanol (50 ml), neutralize with hydrobromic acid, and evaporate in vacuo. The residue crystallizes on scratching with a glass rod. Use a minimum amount of water to dissolve, upon boiling, add decolorizing carbon and filter off hot to get 1.5 g of the hydrobromide salt of 1-p-methoxybenzyl-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-octahydroisoquinoline as colorless prisms, mp: 197-198 C. The above quinoline can be converted in several ways to Dromoran. The process given below methylates it at the same time as the reduction takes place and is a superior operation. Reduce the quinoline catalytically in the presence of formaldehyde. Most any of the general methods of catalytic reductions found in the reductions chapter will work fine, as long as you remember to use formaldehyde. Another method is to proceed after the Raney Nickel reduction like this: filter the catalyst off and purify as above. React the product with CH2O and hydrogen or HCO2H to get the 2-Me derivative, which is heated with H3PO4 at 140-150 C for 70 hours. Note: HCO2H is a strange way to say formic acid. [From _The Merck Index_ Eleventh Edition] slighty abbreviated Levorphanol. 17-methylmorphinan-3-ol; (-)-3-hydroxy-N-methylmorphinan; levorphan; lemoran; Ro 1-5341. C17H23NO; mol wt. 257.38. Orally active synthetic morphine analog. Preparation of racemate from 2-methyl-1- benzyl-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-octahydroisoquinoline: Grewe, Naturwiss. 33, 333 (1946); Angew. Chem. A59, 198 (1947); Grewe, Mondon, Ber. 81, 279 (1948); Swiss pat. 280,674 (1952 to Hoffman-LaRoche), C.A. 47, 7554 (1953). Preparation of isomers: Schnider, Grussner, Helv. Chim. Acta. 34, 2211 (1951); Vogler, U.S. patent 2,744,112 (1956 to Hoffman-LaRoche). Absolute configuration: Corrodi, et al., Helv. Chim. Acta. 42, 212 (1959). Analgesic activity and toxicity data: L.O. Randall, G. Lehmann, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 99, 163, (1950). HPLC determination in plasma: R. Lucek, R. Dixon, J. Chromatog. 341, 239 (1985). Clinical pharmokinetics: R. Dixon et al., Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol. 41, 3 (1983). Crystals, mp 198-199 C. Tartrate dihydrate, C21H29NO72H2O, Ro 1-5341/7, Dromoran, Levo-Dromoran. Crystals, mp. 113-115 C (when anhydrous, mp 206-208 C). pH of a 0.2% aq solution 3.4 to 4.0. One gram dissolves in 45 ml water, in 110 g alcohol, in 50 g ether. dl-Form, racemorphan, methorphinan. Crystals from anisole and dil alcohol, mp. 251-253 C. dl-Form Hydrobromide, C17H24BrNO, NU-2206. Crystals, mp 193-195. Sol in water; sparingly sol in alcohol. Practically insoluble in ether. LD50 i.v. in mice: 41 mg/kg (Randall, Lehmann). d-Form, Ro 1-6794, dextrorphan. Crystals, mp 198-199 C. [From 48th edition Physicians Desk Reference] Equianalgesic Dose (mg) Name IM PO ------------------------------------------------------------------------- morphine 10 60 hydromorphone (Dilaudid) 1.5 7.5 methadone (Dolophine) 10 20 oxycodone (Percocet) 15 30 levorphanol (Dromoran) 2 4 oxymorphone (Numorphan) 1 10 (PR) heroin 5 60 meperidine (Demerol) 75 -- codeine 130 200 ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Note: All IM and PO doses in this chart are considered equivalent to 10 mg of IM morphine in analgesic effect. IM denotes intramuscular, PO oral, and PR rectal. -- Lamont Granquist "And then the alien anthropologists - Admitted they were still perplexed - But on eliminating every other reason - For our sad demise - They logged the only explanation left - This species has amused itself to death" -- Roger Waters ============================================================================= Message-ID: <103313Z09031994@anon.penet.fi> Newsgroups: alt.psychoactives From: an40496@anon.penet.fi (Holden Caulfield) Date: Wed, 9 Mar 1994 10:27:13 UTC Subject: Re: How to oxidize codeine to hydrocodone [quoted text deleted -cak] The Merck Index has this to say about oxycodone: Prepn by catalytic reduction of hydroxycodeinone, its oxime, or its bromination products, or by reduction of hydroxycodeinone with sodium hydrosulfite. Bibliography: Small, Lutz, "Chemistry of the Opium Alkaloids," Suppl. No. 103 to Public Health Reports, Washington (1932); K.W. Bentley, _The Chemistry of the Morphine Alkaloids_ (Oxford, 1954). So, this leaves the question "How do you prepare hydroxycodeinone?" Back to the Merck it says, about hydroxycodeinone: From codeine: Merck, Ger. pat. 411,530; _Frdl._ 15, 1516; K.W. Bentley, _The Chemistry of the Morphine Alkaloids_ (Oxford, 1954). Improved synthesis [from ??]: F.M. Hauser et al., _J. Med. Chem._ 17, 1117 (1974). About hydrocodone: Prepn by hydrogenation of codeinone: Mannich, Lowenheim, _Arch Pharm_ 258, 295 (1920); by oxidation of dihydrocodeine, Ger. pat. 415,097 (1925 to E. Merck), _Frdl._ 15, 1518 (1925-1927); by catalytic rearrangement of codeine: Ger. pat. 623,821. Industrial prepn from dihydrocodeine: Pfister, Tishler, U.S. pat. 2,715,626 (1955 to Merck & Co.). [...] Review: Small, Lutz, "Chemistry of the Opium Alkaloids," Suppl. No. 103, Public Health Reports, Washington (1932). I wonder if all those methods for reduction of the double bond in hydroxycodeine to get oxycodone are applicable to reduction of codeine or codeinone. The one about "reduction of the bromination products" sounds like they add bromine across the double bond and then reduce the halide, I believe hydrides (LAH, NaBH4) can be used for this, and maybe H2 + catalyst, but I'm really not too sure. ------------------------------------------------------------------------- To find out more about the anon service, send mail to help@anon.penet.fi. Due to the double-blind, any mail replies to this message will be anonymized, and an anonymous id will be allocated automatically. You have been warned. Please report any problems, inappropriate use etc. to admin@anon.penet.fi. ============================================================================= Newsgroups: talk.politics.drugs,alt.drugs From: jerry@teetot.acusd.edu (Jerry Stratton) Subject: Re: Heroin OTC pre-1914 ? Message-ID: <1993Nov18.180240.20847@teetot.acusd.edu> Date: Thu, 18 Nov 93 18:02:40 GMT civl097@csc.canterbury.ac.nz writes: >I am looking for references or quotes that indicate that heroin, or >preparations using it were available over-the-counter in the pre-Harrison >Act days. Opium and Morphine were certainly available OTC. I don't know if heroin was available OTC, but the Harrison Act folks seemed to think it was: From Brecher, Licit & Illicit Drugs, Ch. 8, p. 49: The patent-medicine manufacturers were exempted even from the licensing and tax provisions, provided that they limited themselves to "preparations and remedies which do not contain more than two grains of opium, or more than one-fourth of a grain of morphine, or more than one-eighth of a grain of heroin... in one avoirdupois ounce." (5) (5) Public Law No. 223, 63rd Cong., approved December 17, 1914 Jerry Stratton jerry@teetot.acusd.edu (Finger/Reply for PGP Public Key) ------ "They play Paranoia seriously. What more can I say?" -- T. Kelly

num gera precedimento?

nao se esqueca que a populacao do michigan num chega aos dez milhoes

Ta louco pra brasileiro acostumado a pagar um real a g ne mano??? isso sim é meio fora da realidade... se vc quer que o cultivador receba um salario pra viver? sem impostos a grama sairia uns 10 dolla. no minimo. A não ser que vc queira explorar migrantes fazendeiros... tipo um walmart da vida, onde fodase o trabalhador e lucros totais pro dono. Ou então sai de base de preço do 3º mundo... lá na bhutão é de graça, em camboja é 5 dola o kg...